REFERENCES

Adamis, Z. and Krass, B.K. 1991 Studies on the cytotoxicity of ceramic respirable dusts using in vitro and in vivo test systems. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 35(5):469-483.

Adamson, I.Y.R. and Bowden, D.H. 1974 The type 2 cell as progenitor of alveolar epithelial regeneration. A cytodynamic study in mice after exposure to oxygen. Lab. Invest. 30(1):35-42.

Adamson, I.Y.R., Letourneau, H.L. and Bowden, D.H. 1991a Comparison of alveolar and interstitial macrophages in fibroblast stimulation after silica and long or short asbestos. Lab. Invest. 64(3):339-344.

Adamson, I.Y.R., Young, L. and King, G.M. 1991b Reciprocal epithelial: fibroblast interactions in the control of fetal and adult rat lung cells in culture. Exp. Lung Res. 17:821-835.

Albelda, S.M., Smith, C.W. and Ward, P.A. 1994 Adhesion molecules and inflammatory injury. FASEB J. 8:504-512.

Andreason, G.L. and Evans, G.A. 1988 Introduction and expression of DNA molecules in eukaryotic cells by electroporation. BioTechniques. 6:650-660.

Arden, M.G. and Adamson, I.Y.R. 1992 Collagen synthesis and degredation during the development of asbestos- induced pulmonery fibrosis. Exp. Lung. Res. 18:9-20.

Bauman, M.D., Jetten, A.M., Bonner, J.C., Kumar, R.K., Bennett, R.A. and Brody, A.R. 1990 Secretion of a platelet-derived growth factor homologue by rat alveolar macrophages exposed to particulates in vitro. Eur. J. Cell. Biol 51:327-334.

Bond, J.A., Johnson, N.F., Snipes, M.B. and Mauderly, J.L. 1990 DNA adduct formation in rat alveolar type II: cells potentially at risk for inhaled diesel exhaust. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 16:64-69.

Brody, A.R., McGavran, P.D. and Overby, L.H. 1989 Brief inhalation of chrysotile asbestos induces rapid proliferation of bronchiolar-alveolar epithelial and interstitial cells. IARC Sci. Publ. 93-99.

Brody, A.R. and Overby, L.H. 1989 Incorporation of tritiated thymidine by epithelial and interstitial cells in bronchiolar-alveolar regions of asbestos-exposed rats. Am. J. Pathol. 134:133-140.

Brown, R.C., Poole, A. and Turver, C.J. 1986 In vitro correlates of mineral dust toxicity. Fd Chem. Toxic. 24(6/7):535-538.

Cameron, G., Woodworth, C.D., Edmondson, S. and Mossman, B.T. 1989 Mechanisms of asbestos-induced squamous metaplasia in tracheobronchial epithelial cells. Env. Health Perspect. 80:101-108.

Cantin, A., Dubois, F. and Begin, R. 1988 Lung exposure to mineral dusts enhances the capacity of lung inflammatory cells to release superoxide. J. Leukocyte Biol. 43:299-303.

Chen, C.A. and Okayama, H. 1988 Calcium phosphate-mediated gene transfer: a highly efficient transfection system for stably transforming cells with plasmid DNA. BioTechniques 6:632-638.

Chevalier, G. and Collet, A.J. 1972 In vivo incorporation of choline-³H, leucine-³H, and galactose-³H in alveolar type II pneumocytes in relation to surfactant synthesis. A quantitative radiographic study in mouse by electron microscopy. Anat. Rec. 174:289-310.

Daffada, A.A., Murray, E.J. and Young, S.P. 1994 Control of activator protein-1 and nuclear factor kappa B activity by interleukin-1, interleukin-6 and metals in HepG2 cells. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1222:234-240.

DePamphilis, M.L., Herman, S.A., Martinez-Salas, E., Chalifour, L.E., Wirak, D.O., Cupo, D.Y. and Miranda, M. 1988 Microinjecting DNA into mouse ova to study DNA replication and gene expression and to produce transgenic animals. BioTechniques 6:662-680.

Donaldson, K., Brown, G.M., Brown, D.M., Slight, J. and Li, X.Y. 1992 Epithelial and extracellular matrix injury in quartz-inflamed lung: role of the alveolar macrophage. Environ. Health Perspect. 97:221-224.

Donaldson, K., Slight, J. and Bolton, R.E. 1988 Oxidant production by control and inflammatory bronchoalveolar leukocyte populations treated with mineral dusts in vitro. Inflammation 12(3):231-243.

Donaldson, K., Slight, J., Brown, G.M. and Bolton, R.E. 1988 The ability of inflammatory bronchoalveolar leucocyte populations elicited with microbes or mineral dust to injure alveolar epithelial cells and degradeextracellular matrix in vitro. Br. J. Exp. Pathol. 69:327-338.

Driscoll, K.E., Hassenbein, D.G., Carter, J., Poynter, J., Asquith, T.N., Grant, R.A., Whitten, J., Purdon, M.P. and Takigiku, R. 1993 Macrophage inflammatory proteins 1 and 2: Expression by rat alveolar macrophages, fibroblasts, and epithelial cells and in rat lung after mineral dust exposure. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 8:311-318.

Eglitis, M.A. and Anderson, W.F. 1988 Retroviral vectors for introduction of genes into mammalian cells. BioTechniques. 6:608-614.

Elias, J.A., Gustilo, K., Baeder, W. and Freundlich, B. 1987 Synergistic stimulation of fibroblast prostaglandin production by recombinant interleukin 1 and tumor necrosis factor. J. Immunol. 138(11):3812-3816.

Finch, T.S. and Baldwin Jr, A.S. 1993 Kappa B site-dependent induction of gene expression by diverse inducers of nuclear facor kappa B requires Raf-1. J. Biol. Chem. 268:17676-17679.

Fisher, G.L. and Placke, M.E. 1987 In vitro models of lung toxicity. Toxicol. 47:71-93.

Freshney, R.I. 1987 Culture of Animal Cells: A Manual of Basic Technique - Second Edition. Wiley-Liss, Inc., New York. 297-307.

Fujii-Kuriyama, Y., Imataka, H., Sogawa, K., Yasumoto, K. and Kikuchi, Y. 1992 Regulation of CYP1A1 expression. FASEB J. 6:706-710.

Gallagher, J., Heinrich, U., George, M., Hendee, L., Phillips, D.H. and Lewtas, J. 1994 Formation of DNA adducts in rat lung following chronic inhalation of diesel emissions, carbon black and titanium dioxide particles. Carcinogenesis 15:1291-1299.

Geiser, M., Baumann, M., Cruz-Orive, L.M., Im Hof, V., Waber, U. and Gehr, P. 1994 The effect of particle inhalation on macrophage number and phagocytic activity in the intrapulmonary conducting airways of hamsters. Am. J. Respir. Cell. Mol. Biol. 10:594-603.

Goegan, P., Johnson, G. and Vincent, R. 1995 Effects of serum protein and colloid on the alamarBlue assay in cell cultures. Toxic. In. Vitro. 9:257-266

Grimminger, F., von Kurten, I., Walmrath, D. and Seeger, W. 1992 Type II alveolar epithelial eicosanoid metabolism: predominance of cyclooxygenase pathways and transcellular lipoxygenase metabolism in co-culture with neutrophils. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 6:9-16.

Harrison, R.G. 1907 Observations on the living, developing nerve fiber. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 4:140-143.

Hatch, G.E., Boykin, E., Graham, J.A., Lewtas, J., Pott, F., Loud, K. and Mumford, J.L. 1985 Inhalable particles and pulmonary host defense: in vivo and in vitro effects of ambient air and combustion particles. Environ. Res. 36:67-80.

Hesterberg, T, Ririe, D, Barrett, J and Nettesheim, P 1987 Mechanisms of cytotoxicity of asbestos fibres in rat tracheal epithelial cells in culture. Toxic. In Vitro 1(2):59-65.

Hext, P.M. 1994 Current perspectives on particulate induced pulmonary tumours. Human Exp. Toxicol. 13:700- 715.

Iguchi, H, Kojo, S and Ikeda, M 1993 Lipid peroxidation and disintegration of the cell membrane structure in cultures of rat lung fibroblasts treated with asbestos. J. Appl. Toxicol. 13(4):269-275.

Kandaswami, C, Morin, G and Sirois, P 1988 Lipid peroxidation in rat alveolar macrophages exposed to chrysotile asbestos. Toxic. In Vitro 2(2):117-120.

Karmiol, S., Remick, D.G., Kunkel, S.L. and Phan, S.H. 1993 Regulation of rat pulmonary endothelial cell interleukin-6 production by bleomycin: effects of cellular fatty acid composition. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 9:628-636.

Kelley, J. 1990 Cytokines of the lung. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 141:765-788.

Kondo, T., Takahashi, S., Sato, H., Yamada, M., Kikuchi, T. and Furuya, K. 1993 Cytotoxicity of size-density fractionated coal fly ash in rat alveolar macrophages cultured in vitro. Toxicol. In Vitro 7:61-67.

Kubota, M., Sogawa, K., Kaizu, Y., Sawaya, T., Watanabe, J., Kawajiri, K., Gotoh, D. and Kujii-Kuriyama, Y. 1991 Xenobiotic responsive element in the 5'-upstream region of the human P-450c gene. J. Biochem. Tokyo 110:232-236.

Kumar, R.K., Ogrady, R., Li, W. and Velan, G.M. 1992 Mitogenic activity for fibroblasts induced by silica and titanium dioxide particles in vitro and in vivo. Int. J. Exp. Pathol. 73:573-583.

Lee, Y.C., Hogg, R. and Rannels, D.E. 1994 Extracellular matrix synthesis by coal dust-exposed type II epithelial cells. Am. J. Physiol. 267:L365-L374.

Lesur, O., Cantin, A.M., Tanswell, A.K., Melloni, B., Beaulieu, J.F. and Begin, R. 1992 Silica exposure induces cytotoxicity and proliferative activity of type II pneumocytes. Exp. Lung Res. 18:173-190.

Levi-Montalcini, R. and Hamburger, V. 1951 Selective growth stimulating effects of mouse sarcoma on the sensory and sympathetic nervous system of the chick embryo. J. Exp. Zool. 116:321-361.

Li, W., Kumar, R.K., O'Grady, R. and Velan, G.M. 1992 Role of lymphocytes in silicosis: regulation of secretion of macrophage-derived mitogenic activity for fibroblasts. Int. J. Exp. Path 73:793-800.

MacGregor, J.T., Farr, S., Tucker, J.D., Heddle, J.A., Tice, R.R., Turteltaub, K.W. 1995 New molecular endpoints and methods for routine toxicity testing. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 26:156-173.

Mangum, J.B., Everitt, J.I., Bonner, J.C., Moore, L.R. and Brody, A.R. 1990 Co-culture of primary pulmonary cells to model alveolar injury and translocation of proteins. In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol. 26:1135-1143.

Mannino, R.J. and Gould-Fogerite, S. 1988 Liposome mediated gene transfer. BioTechniques 6:682-690.

McCutchan, J.H. and Pagano, J.S. 1968 Enhancement of simian virus 40 deoxyribonucleic acid with diethylaminoethyl-dextran. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 41:351-357.

Menichini, E. 1992 Urban air pollution by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: levels and sources of variability. Sci. Total. Env. 116:109-135.

Merchant, R.K., Peterson, M.W. and Hunninghake, G.W. 1990 Silica directly increases permeability of alveolar epithelial cells. J. Appl. Physiol. 68:1354-1359.

Mosser, D.D., Theodorakis, N.G. and Morimoto, R.I. 1988 Coordinate changes in heat shock element-binding activity and HSP70 gene transcription rates in human cells. Mol. Cell. Biol. 8:4736-4744.

Mossman, B.T., Hansen, K., Marsh, J.P., Brew, M.E., Hill, S., Bergeron, M. and Petruska, J. 1989 Mechanisms of fibre-induced superoxide release from alveolar macrophages and induction of superoxide dismutase in the lungs of rats inhaling crocidolite. IARC. Sci. Publ. 90:81-92.

Mumford, J.L., Hatch, G.E., Hall, R.E., Jackson, M.A., Merrill, R.G. and Lewtas, J. 1986 Toxicity of particles emitted from combustion of waste crankcase oil: in vitro and in vivo studies. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 7:49-57.

Nadeau, D., Fouquette-Couture, L., Paradis, D., Khorami, J., Lane, D. and Dunnigan, J. 1987 Cytotoxicity of respirable dusts from industrial minerals: comparison of two naturally occurring and two man-made silicates. Drug Chem. Toxicol. 10(1&2):49-86.

Nathan, C. and Sporn, M. 1991 Cytokines in context. J. Cell. Biol. 113(5):981-986.

Nguyen, T., Rushmore, T.H. and Pickett, C.B. 1993 Transcriptional regulation of a rat liver glutathione S- transferase Ya subunit gene. Analysis of the antioxidant response element and its activation by the phorbol ester 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate. J. Biol. Chem. 269:13656-13662.

Osei-Frimpong, J., Sepulveda, J., Rangdaeng, S. and Lebovitz, R.M. 1994 Mediation of supression of c-fos transcription in rasT24-transformed rat cells by a cis-acting repressor element. Mol. Carcinog. 10:72-81.

Panos, R.J., Voelkel, N.F., Cott, G.R., Mason, R.J. and Westcott, J.Y. 1992 Alterations in eicosanoid production by rat alveolar type II cells isolated after silica-induced lung injury. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 6:430-438.

Perkins, R.C., Scheule, R.K., Hamilton, R., Gomes, G., Freidman, G. and Holian, A. 1993 Human alveolar macrophage cytokine release in response to in vitro and in vivo asbestos exposure. Exp. Lung Res. 19(1):55-65.

Perry, M.D., Aujame, L., Shtang, S. and Moran, L.A. 1994 Structure and expression of an inducible HSP70- encoding gene from Mus musculus. Gene. 146:273-278.

Peters-Golden, M. and Feyssa, A. 1993 Transcellular eicosanoid synthesis in cocultures of alveolar epithelial cells and macrophages. Am. J. Physiol. 264:L438-L447.

Pilewski, J.M. and Albelda, S.M. 1993 Adhesion molecules in the lung: An overview. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 148:S31-S37.

Pinkus, R., Bergelson, S and Daniel, V. 1993 Phenobarbitol induction of AP-1 binding activity mediates activation of glutathione-S-transferase and quinone reductase gene expression. Biochem. J. 290:637-640.

Plopper, C.G., Chang, A.M., Pang, A. and Buckpitt, A.R. 1991 Use of microdissected airways to define metabolism and cytotoxicity in murine bronchiolar epithelium. Exp. Lung Res. 17:197-212.

Ray, B.K. and Ray, A. 1993 Functional NF-kappa B element in rabbit serum amyloid A gene and its role in acute phase induction. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 193:1159-1167.

Schapira, R.M., Osornio-Vargas, A.R. and Brody, A.R. 1991 Inorganic particles induce secretion of a macrophage homologue of platelet-derived growth factor in a density-and time-dependent manner in vitro. Exp. Lung Res. 17:1011-1024.

Schimmelpfeng, J. and Seidel, A. 1991 Cytotoxic effects of quartz and chrysotile asbestos: in vitro interspecies comparison with alveolar macrophages. J. Toxicol. Env. Health. 33:131-140.

Seemayer, N.H., Hadnagy, W., Behrendt, H. and Tomingas, R. Indicators of potential health risks by airborne particulates. Cytotoxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic effects of mammalian cells in vitro. In: Environmental Hygiene. Seemayer, N.H. and Hadnagy, W. (eds) Springer-Verlag, New York, 1988. 54.59.

Shasby, D.M. and Hampson, F. 1989 Effects of chlorinated amines on endothelial and epithelial barriers in vitro and ex vivo. Exp. Lung Res. 15:345-357.

Shigekawa, K. and Dower, W.J. 1988 Electroporation of eukaryotes and prokaryotes: a general approach to the introduction of macromolecules into cells. BioTechniques 6:742-751.

Sideropoulos, A.S. and Specht, S. 1994 Mutagenicity of airborne particulates in Allegheny county: unmasking of potential carcinogenicity by size class fractionation. Microbios. 77:167-179.

Siminski, J.T., Kavanagh, T.J., Chi, E. and Raghu, G. 1992 Long-term maintenance of mature pulmonary parenchyma cultured in serum-free conditions. Am. J. Physiol. 262:L105-L110.

Sporn, M.B. and Roberts, A.B. 1988 Peptide growth factors are multifunctional. Nature 332:217-219.

Stevens, R.K., Lewis, C.W., Dzubay, T.G., Cupitt, L.T. and Lewtas, J. 1990 Sources of mutagenic activity in urban fine particles. Toxicol. Ind. Health. 6:81-94.

Tasat, D.R. and de Rey, B.M. 1987 Cytotoxic effect of uranium dioxide on rat alveolar macrophages. Environ. Res. 44:71-81.

Uberall, F., Kampfer, S., Doppler, W. and Grunicke, H.H. 1994 Activation of c-fos expression by transforming Ha-ras in HC11 mouse mammary epithelial cells is PKC-dependent and mediated by the serum response element. Cell Signal. 6:285-297.

Vallyathan, V., Mega, J.F., Shi, X. and Dalal, N.S. 1992 Enhanced generation of free radicals from phagocytes induced by mineral dusts. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 6:404-413.

van Houdt, J.J., Coenen, P.W.H.G., Alink, G.M., Boleij, J.S.M. and Koeman, J.H. 1988 Organ specific metabolic activation of five extracts of indoor and outdoor particulate matter. Arch. Toxicol. 61:213-217.

Vincent, J.H. 1990 The fate of inhaled aerosols: a review of observed trends and some generalizations. Am. Occup. Hyg. 34(6):623-637.

Watson, J.D., Gilman, M., Witkowski, J. and Zoller, M. Recombinant DNA - Second Edition. W.H. Freeman and Co., New York, 1992. 213-234.

Wheeler, C.S. 1990 Exposure to man-made mineral fibres: a summary of current animal data. Toxicol. Ind. Health. 6:293-307.

Wydler, M., Maier, P. and Zbinden, G. 1988 Differential cytotoxic, growth-inhibiting and lipid-peroxidative activities of four different asbestos fibers in vitro. Toxic. In Vitro 2(4):297-302.

Xu, L.C., Sinclair, P.R. and Bresnick, E. 1993 Induction of cytochrome P4501A1 and its recombinant construct in H4IIE rat hepatoma cells. Int. J. Biochem. 25:13-21.

Ziegler, B., Bhalla, D.K., Rasmussen, R.E., Kleinman, M.T. and Menzel, D.B. 1994 Inhalation of resuspended road dust, but not ammonium nitrate, decreases the expression of the pulmonary macrophage Fc receptor. Toxicol. Lett. 71:197-208.

Zimmerman, J.J. and Lewandoski, J.R. 1991 Activated polymorphonuclear leukocytes inhibit phosphatidylcholine synthesis in cultured type II alveolar cells. Pediatr. Pulmonol. 10:164-171.